HEART FAILURE GUIDELINES (2011)
www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/13099/50526/50526.pdf

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION GUIDELINES (2006)
www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG036quickrefguide.pdf

UNSTABLE ANGINA and NSTEMI GUIDELINES (2010)
www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/12949/47988/47988.pdf

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION GUIDELINES
www.nice.org.uk/guidance/index.jsp?action=byTopic&o=7200&ht=7195


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• patients with cardiogenic shock complicating MI who undergo IABP before angioplasty have lower mortality than patients who receive IABP after IABP.

Adabag AS (2010) Etiology of sudden death in the community: Results of anatomical, metabolic, and genetic evaluation. Am Heart J, 159, 1, 33-39
• most of the deceased had had severe subclinical coronary heart disease

Adabag AS, Wassif HS, Rice K (2010) Preoperative pulmonary function and mortality after cardiac surgery. Am Heart J, 159, 4, 691-697
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• lung function tests before heart surgery re-classified a third of patients as to whether they had COPD or not

Austin J, Williams R, Ross L (2005) Randomised controlled trial of cardiac rehabilitation in elderly patients with heart failure. Euro J Heart Failure, 7, 3, 411-417
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• cardiac rehabilitation can improve symptoms, functional performance and HRQL in patients with HF, leading to reduced hospital admissions

Black PH, Garbutt LD (2002) Stress, inflammation and cardiovascular disease. J Psychosom Res, 52, 1-23
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• mechanism of stress leading to atherosclerosis

Birks EJ (2010) Left ventricular assist devices. Heart, 96, 63-71
heart.bmj.com/content/96/1/63.full
• cardiac support devices are now effective enough to be used as a ‘bridge to recovery’ rather than a ‘bridge to transplant’.

Bjerkeset O, Nordahl HM, Mykletun A et al (2005) Anxiety and depression following myocardial infarction: gender differences in a 5-year prospective study. J Psychosom Res, 58, 153-161
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• long-term depression worse in MI patients who are anxious or inactive

Boo S et al (2012) Coronary heart disease risk estimation in asymptomatic adults. Nurs Research, 61, 1, 66–9
www.nursingcenter.com/library/JournalArticle.asp?Article_ID=1281461

Bosnak-Guclu M (2012) Exercise capacity, peripheral muscle strength, and inactivity in diabetic patients with heart failure. Topics Geriatr Rehab, 28, 1, 54-9
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Cahalin LP et al (1997) Inspiratory muscle training in patients with chronic heart failure awaiting cardiac transplantation. Phys Ther, 77, 830-8

Kappagoda T (2012) Aspirin for primary prevention of myocardial infarction: what is the evidence? . J Cardiopulm Rehab Prev, 32, 1, 1-8
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Cappuccio FP, Kerry SM, Forbes L, Donald A (2004) Blood pressure control by home monitoring: Meta-analysis of randomised trials. Br Med J, 329,145–8.
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• home self-monitoring of BP shows better results than monitoring in the health care system

Chen W-C (2010) Biomarkers in heart failure. Heart, 96, 4, 314-320
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• new treatment for heart failure

Choy B, Hansen E, Moss AJ (2010) Relation of body mass index to sudden cardiac death and the benefit of implantable cardioverter–defibrillator in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after healing of myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol, 105, 5, 581-586
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• obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and heart failure

Collins E (2004) Effects of exercise training on aerobic capacity and quality of life in individuals with heart failure. Heart Lung, 33, 3, 154-61
• exercise training in adults with heart failure increases exercise tolerance and perceived physical function

Conraads VM, Beckers, PJ (2010) Exercise training in heart failure: practical guidance. Heart, 96(24):2025-31
heart.bmj.com/content/96/24/2025.extract

Crane PB (2005) Fatigue and physical activity in older women after myocardial infarction. Heart Lung, 34, 1, 30-38
• post-MI fatigue is perceived as different from fatigue before the MI. Depression, sleep, and fatigue were inter-related

Davidson KW, Mostofsk E (2010) Anger expression and risk of coronary heart disease: evidence from the Nova Scotia Health Survey. Am Heart J, 159, 2, 199-206
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• people who tend to discuss their anger to resolve a situation have reduced risk of coronary heart disease, but people who blame others have an increased risk

DeGuire S et al (1992) Hyperventilation syndrome and the assessment of treatment for functional cardiac symptoms. Am J Cardiol, 70, 673-77.
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• up to 90% of noncardiac chest pain is thought to be associated with HVS

De Miguel-Díez J (2010) The influence of heart disease on characteristics, quality of life, use of health resources, and costs of COPD in primary care settings. BMC Cardiovasc Dis, 10, 8
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• patients with COPD and heart disease as a comorbidity show worse quality of life and increased consumption of drugs

De Souza A (2004) Descriptors of dyspnea by patients with COPD versus congestive heart failure. Heart Lung, 33, 2, 102-110

Docherty B (2003) Cardiac care: interpretation of ECG. Prof Nurse, 18, 322-32

Dod HS (2010) Effect of intensive lifestyle changes on endothelial function and on inflammatory markers of atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol, 105, 3, 362-367
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• mechanism of the benefits of changes in diet, exercise and stress management

Edwardson SR (2007) Patient education in heart failure. Heart Lung, 36, 4, 244

Eijsvogels T (2010) Effect of prolonged walking on cardiac troponin levels. Am J Cardiol, 105, 2, 267-72
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• a 4-day-long distance walk can damage heart muscle in patients at risk.

Ernst E (1996) Exercise training and heart failure. Eur J Physical Med Rehabilitation, 6, 161.
• exercise is beneficial in compensated heart failure

Evans RA (2011) Developing the model of pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic heart failure. Chron Respir Dis, 8, 259-69
crd.sagepub.com/content/8/4/259.abstract?etoc
• patients with HF can be successfully trained with patients who have COPD in a pulmonary rehabilitation programme

Farias-Godoy A (2010) Effectiveness of shared care after cardiac rehabilitation. Am J Med, 123, 1, 20-21
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• progression after cardiac rehab is improved by communication with the patient’s GP.

Flannery T, Oetgen CC (2010) Homicide by fright: the intersection of cardiology and criminal law. Am J Cardiol, 105, 1, 136-8
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• the law accepts the infliction of fright as a means of committing homicide
• severe psychological stress has been associated with cardiomyopathy, associated with in-hospital mortality of nearly 2%

Flynn KE, Piña IL, Whelln DJ (2009) Effects of exercise training on health status in patients with chronic heart failure. JAMA, 301, 14, 1451-9
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• exercise training improves health status which persists over time.

Fonarow GC (2005) Practical considerations of β-blockade in the management of the post–myocardial infarction patient. Am Heart J, 149, 984-93
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• 25% of men and 38% of women die within 1 year of the acute event

Frasure-Smith N (2010) Depression and cardiac risk. Heart, 96, 3, 173-6
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• ≥20% of hospitalised patients after MI are depressed.

Gerriets T, Schwarz N, Bachman G (2010) Evaluation of methods to predict early long-term neurobehavioral outcome after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. Am J Cardiol, 105, 8, 1095-1101
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• cognitive decline is the most frequent complication of cardiac surgery

Gjeilo KH (2010) Chronic pain after cardiac surgery: a prospective study. Acta Anaesth Scand, 54, 1, 70-78
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• 10% patients report chronic pain after cardiac surgery

Hall SA (2010) Sexual activity, erectile dysfunction, and incident cardiovascular events. Am J Cardiol, 105, 2, 192-7
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• low frequency of sexual activity, and erectile dysfunction, independently predict CVD

Hall H, Côté J, McBean A (2012) The experiences of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension receiving continuous intravenous infusion of epoprostenol and their support persons. Heart Lung, 41, 1, 35-43

Havva T, Hatice T (2006) The effect of individualized education on the transfer anxiety of patients with myocardial infarction and their families, Heart Lung, 35, 2, 101-7
• individualised education program decreases anxiety in patients transferring from CCU to a general ward.

Heywood JT (2010) Influence of renal function on the use of guideline-recommended therapies for patients with heart failure. Am J Cardiol, 105, 8, 1140-1146
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• kidney disease is common in patients with HF

Hermann F (2006) Dark chocolate improves endothelial and platelet function. Heart, 92, 119-120
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Ho JE, Bittner V (2010) Usefulness of heart rate at rest as a predictor of mortality, hospitalization for heart failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke in patients with stable coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol, 105, 7, 905-911
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• for people with CVD, a HR at rest of ≥70 beats/min is associated with a 40% increase in mortality.

Horner D (2001) Chronic heart failure: the challenge for physiotherapists. NZ J Physiother, 29, 15-23
• exercise training is safe for people with CHF

Hunt D, Leighton M, Reed G (1999) Intermittent claudication: implementation of an exercise programme. Physiotherapy, 85, 149-53

Hwang B (2012) Family caregiving in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Heart Lung, 41, 1, 26-34

Issa VS, Amaral AF, Cruz FD (2010) Glycemia and prognosis of patients with chronic heart failure. Am Heart J, 159, 1, 90-97
• inverse association between glycaemia and mortality in outpatients with heart failure

Izawa KP (2005) Effect of the self-monitoring approach on exercise maintenance during cardiac rehabilitation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 84, 313-21
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• self-monitoring may improve exercise maintenance

Jessup M (2003) Heart failure. New Eng J Med, 348, 2007-18

Kirk AJB (1986) Minitracheostomy in cardiothoracic practice. Care Crit.Ill, 2, 104-10
• prophylactic MT during surgery for at-risk patients

Korkeila J (2010) Childhood adversities as predictors of incident coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. Heart, 96, 4, 298-303
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• childhood adversities are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease

Kang S-H, Park, K-H, Choi K-J (2010) Coronary artery bypass grafting versus drug-eluting stent implantation for left main coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol, 105, 3, 343-351
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• angioplasty with stenting and fibrosis-preventing drugs are as as safe as CABG but show a greater risk of repeat revascularisation.

Kapoor JR (2010) Obesity and survival in patients with heart failure and preserved systolic function. Am Heart J, 159, 1, 75-80
• people who are over- or under-weight are more likely to develop heart failure

Karlsdottir AE (2002) Hemodynamic responses during aerobic and resistance exercise. J Cardiopulm Rehab, 22, 170-7
• left ventricular function remains stable during moderate exercise even with CCF

Keteyian SJ, Piña IL, Hibner BA (2010) Clinical role of exercise training in the management of patients with chronic heart failure. J Cardiopulm Rehab Prev, 30, 2, 67-76

LaPointe NMA, Ou F-S, Calvert SB (2010) Changes in beliefs about medications during long-term care for ischemic heart disease. Am Heart J, 159, 4, 561-569
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• over 20 months, a third of heart patients reported a negative change in their beliefs about heart drugs

Le Bris S et al (2006) High versus low training frequency in cardiac rehabilitation. Eur J Appl Physiol, 96, 3, 217-24
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• exercise tolerance is similarly increased with high and low-frequency training but the benefits of high-frequency training were sustained twice as long.

Lee MS, Yang T, Dhoot J (2010) Meta-analysis of clinical studies comparing coronary artery bypass grafting with percutaneous coronary intervention and drug-eluting stents in patients with unprotected left main coronary artery narrowings. Am J Cardiol, 105, 8, 1070-75
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• angioplasty with stenting and a drug to block fibrosis is an alternative to CABG.

Mandic S, Riess K, Haykowsky MJ (2006) Exercise training for individuals with coronary artery disease or heart failure. Physiother Canada, 58(1): 21-28

Menke J, Lüthje L, Kastrup A (2010) Thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol, 105, 4, 502-510
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• thromboembolic risks of AF are reduced by warfarin or aspirin

Meyer P (2010) High-intensity aerobic interval training in a patient with stable angina pectoris. Am J Phys Med Rehab, 89, 1, 83-86
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• high-intensity aerobic interval training is a promising mode of training for patients with stable coronary heart disease

Mols F, Martens EJ, Denollet J (2010) Acute coronary syndromes: type D personality and depressive symptoms are independent predictors of impaired health status following acute myocardial infarction. Heart, 96, 30-35
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• post-MI patients should be assessed for depression during rehabilitation.

Mortara A, Pinna GD, Johnson P (2010) Home telemonitoring in heart failure patients. Eur J Heart Fail, 11, 3, 312–318
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2645060/?tool=pmcentrez

Myers J et al (2012) Effects of high-intensity training on indices of ventilatory efficiency in chronic heart failure. J Cardiopulm Rehab Prev, 32, 1, 9–16
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Naylor J (2004) Cardiovascular profile of adult recipients of chest physiotherapy. Physiother Res Internat, 9, 132-7

Nichols GA, Wang F, Pedula KL (2010) Comparison of evidence-based versus non–evidence-based pharmacotherapy on the risk of cardiovascular hospitalization and all-cause mortality among patients with established cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol, 105, 6, 786-91
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• mortality in people with CVD is reduced by aspirin/antiplatelets, statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, or β blockers

Norbert E-B (2010) Impact of fatigue on everyday life among older people with chronic heart failure. Austr Occ Ther J, 57, 34-41

O’Connor CM (2009) Efficacy and safety of exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure. JAMA, 301, 14, 1439-50
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• exercise training in patients with HF was safe and reduced mortality and hospitalisation

Oerkild B (2011) Home-based cardiac rehabilitation is as effective as centre-based cardiac rehabilitation among elderly with coronary heart disease: results from a randomised clinical trial. Age Ageing, 40, 1, 78-85
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Osborn H, Jefferson M (2010) Intranasal alfentanil for severe intractable angina in inoperable coronary artery disease. Palliat Med, 24, 1, 94-6

Oxberry S (2010) Opioids for breathlessness: views of patients with chronic heart failure. Palliat Med, 24, 2, 12
• importance of addressing opiophobia in prescribers

Park S-J (2011) Randomized trial of stents versus bypass surgery for left main coronary artery disease. N Engl N Med, 364, 1718-27

Parshall MB (2012) Validation of a three-factor measurement model of dyspnea in hospitalized adults with heart failure. Heart Lung, 41, 1, 44-56
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Pedersen SS, Middel B (2003) Posttraumatic stress disorder in first-time myocardial infarction patients. Heart Lung, 32, 5, 300-7
• 22% MI patients developed posttraumatic stress disorder, which itself increases risk of cardiovascular disease

Pore N, Burley M (2012) When a broken heart is real: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Nurs2012 Crit Care, 7, 1, 22-27
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Osborn H, Jefferson M (2010) Intranasal alfentanil for severe intractable angina in inoperable coronary artery disease. Palliat Med, 24, 1, 94-6

Perner A, Haase N, Wiis J (2010) Central venous oxygen saturation for the diagnosis of low cardiac output in septic shock patients. Acta Anaesth Scand, 54, 1, 98-102
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Peters A, von Klot S, Heier M (2004) Exposure to traffic and the onset of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med, 351, 1721–30
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• exposure to traffic can trigger an MI

Pinna GD, Maestri R, Mortara A (2010) Pathophysiological and clinical relevance of simplified monitoring of nocturnal breathing disorders in heart failure patients. Eur J Heart Fail, 11, 3, 264–72.
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• nocturnal breathing disorders in the form of periodic breathing are common in HF patients and can be monitored

Rodriguez KL et al (2008) ‘They diagnosed bad heart’: a qualitative exploration of patients’ knowledge about and experiences with heart failure. Heart Lung, 37, 257-65
• patients are concerned about the terminology, e.g. ‘congestive heart failure’

Rostagno C (2010) Six-minute walk test: independent prognostic marker? Heart, 96, 97-8
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• six-minute walk test (6MWT) is more clinically relevant than peak oxygen consumption at exercise (stress) tests

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• evidence for the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of a low cost, low contact, high reach promotion of healthy weight and physical activity among people with CVD

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• exercise training improves myocardial blood flow in patients with heart failure.

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• exercise intolerance is related to respiratory pattern and leg strength in chronic heart failure patients

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• HRQL predicts death rates 6 years after angioplasty

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• treatment by drugs or cardioversion

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• oral infections are associated with an increased risk of progression of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease

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• the benefits of moderate-intensity exercise training outweigh the risks

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• propranolol may be associated with a 45% increased risk of myopathy in the elderly.

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• the benefits of physical activity support its use in preventive health care and it should be a serious option for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease

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• drugs can improve haemodynamics but their effects on survival are less clear.

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• worsening renal function often complicates heart failure

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• CABG led to lower rates of death from cardiovascular causes

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• succinct explanation of the four determinants of cardiac output and how cardiac output is affected by different circumstances

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• complex relations between cardiac and renal disease

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• patients with coronary artery disease who are treated with PPIs for reflux have a reduced platelet response to aspirin

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• interventions such as motorised scooters which reduce activity can increase cardiovascular risk

Zambroski CH (2003) Qualitative analysis of living with heart failure. Heart Lung, 32, 32-40

Zuluaga MC (2010) Mechanisms of the association between depressive symptoms and long-term mortality in heart failure. Am Heart J, 159, 2, 231-237
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• depression in patients hospitalised for HF are associated with higher mortality, mainly due to frequent comorbidity and physical inactivity






AF = atrial fibrillation
ANS = autonomic nervous system
CABG = coronary artery bypass graft
CCU = coronary care unit
CO = cardiac output
CVD = cardiovascular disease
HF = heart failure
HRQL = health-related quality of life
HVS = hyperventilation syndrome
IABP = intra-aortic balloon pump
JAMA = Journal of the American Medical Association
MI = myocardial infarction
PPI = proton pump inhibitor
SNS = sympathetic nervous system.