(SEE ALSO – Acute head injury, ARDS, Asthma, COPD, Cystic fibrosis,
ICU conditions)


NHS Evidence library on respiratory diseases:
www.library.nhs.uk/respiratory/

NICE GUIDELINES on respiratory diseases (COPD, fibrosis, lung cancer, chest infections):
guidance.nice.org.uk/Topic/Respiratory

PRIMARY CARE GUIDELINES: Halbert RJ, Isonaka S (2006): Integrating diagnostic guidelines for managing chronic respiratory diseases in primary care. Primary Care Respir J, 15, 1, 13-19

GUIDELINES on DIFFUSE PARENCHYMAL LUNG DISEASE (2008):
www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/Portals/0/Clinical%20Information/DPLD/Guidelines/Thorax%20Sept%2008.pdf

BTS GUIDELINE on INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE:
Bradley B, Branley HM, Egan JJ, et al (2008) Thorax, 63 Suppl 5: v1-v58.
thorax.bmj.com/content/63/Suppl_5/v1.extract

BTS GUIDELINE on MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA - Thorax (2007) 62: ii1-ii19
www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/Portals/0/Clinical%20Information/Malignant%20Mesothelioma/Guidelines/mesothelioma%20statement%202007.pdf


Boucher RC (2011) Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis — a sticky business. N Engl J Med, 364, 1560-1561

Chang A, Paratz J, Rollston J (2002) Ventilatory effects of neurophysiological facilitation and passive movement in patients with neurological injury. Austr J Physiother, 48, 305-9
ajp.physiotherapy.asn.au/AJP/vol_48/4/AustJPhysiotherv48i4Chang.pdf
• neurophysiological facilitation improves minute volume and SpO2 in neurological patients

Cheng AS (2003) Control of oral secretions in bulbar amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using botulinum toxin type A. Arch Phys Med Rehab, 84, E33
• control of excess salivation in advanced neurological disease

Cherniak NS (2006) What's a good night's sleep worth? Respiration, 73, 735-6
content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ProduktNr=224278&Ausgabe=232249&ArtikelNr=94887&filename=94887.pdf
• sleep apnoea

Curtis A (2009) Why is polio still an issue for health professionals today? Internat J Ther Rehabil, 16, 2, 66 - 67
www.ijtr.co.uk/cgi-bin/go.pl/library/abstract.html?uid=38889
• polio survivors are now experiencing a constellation of new symptoms known as post-polio syndrome

Drummond MB (2010) Cross sectional analysis of respiratory symptoms in an injection drug user cohort. BMC Pulm Med, 10, 27. doi:10.1186/1471-2466-10-27
www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2466/10/27
• intravenous drug users risk obstructive lung diseases and HIV

Duck A (2007) Interstitial lung diseases 1: diagnosis and investigation. Nurs Times, 103, 43, 28–29
www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice-clinical-research/interstitial-lung-diseases-1-diagnosis-and-investigation/823724.article

Easby J, Abraham BK, Bonner SM (2003) Prone ventilation following witnessed pulmonary aspiration: the effect on oxygenation. Int Care Med, 29, 12, 2303-6
• if a patient aspirates in supine, positioning the patient prone immediately aids postural drainage, improves oxygenation by altering V/Q relationships similarly to ARDS, opens dependent alveoli and helps prevent progression to established pneumonitis

Ferreira S (2010) Prevalence and characteristics of sleep apnoea in patients with stable heart failure. BMC Pulm Med, 10, 9, doi:10.1186/1471-2466-10-9
www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2466/10/9
• sleep apnoea is is underdiagnosed in HF and there is a likely correlation between the two

Giangreco A, Groot KR, Janes SM (2007) Lung cancer and lung stem cells: strange bedfellows? Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 175, 547-53
ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/175/6/547
• lung cancer kills more people than any other cancer

Hahn, Andreas et al (2009) Noninvasive determination of the tension-time index in duchenne muscular dystrophy. Am J Phys Med Rehab, 88, 4, 322-327

Halim M, Roffe C (2001) Effect of nocturnal oxygen saturation on vigilance in patients undergoing rehabilitation from stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis, 11, 44
• even mild nocturnal hypoxia reduces daytime vigilance

Hasan (1989) Minitracheotomy: a simple alternative to tracheostomy in obstructive sleep apnoea. Thorax, 44, 224-5

Holland AE (2010) Review series: Aspects of interstitial lung disease: Exercise limitation in interstitial lung disease - mechanisms, significance and therapeutic options. Chronic Resp Dis, 7, 2, 101-111
• assessment of exercise capacity may assist with diagnosis and indicate prognosis
• steroids may contribute to myopathy of peripheral and respiratory muscles

Johnston IDA, Prescott RJ, Chalmers JC (1997) British Thoracic Society study of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Thorax, 52, 38-44

Kernohan G (2010) Do people with Parkinsons disease need palliative care? Palliat Med, 24, 2,
201-3
• yes they do.

Lou J-S (2010) Assessment and management of fatigue in neuromuscular disease. Am J Hospice Palliat Med, 27, 2, 145—57

Markovitz & Cooper (2010) Mechanisms of exercise limitation and pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with pulmonary fibrosis/restrictive lung disease. Chr Respir Dis, 7, 1, 47-60

Murray BJ (2007) Brain death by a thousand hypoxic cuts in sleep. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 175, 528-9.
ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/175/6/528
• cognitive decline correlates with recurrent respiratory events in sleep

Narain S, Puckree T (2002) Pulmonary function in hemiplegia. Int J Rehab Res, 25, 57-9
• effect of spasticity and contractures on mechanics of breathing, importance of maintaining endurance and mobility of thoracic cage after CVA

Noppen M, Verbanck S, Harvey J (2004) Music: a new cause of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Thorax, 59, 8, 722–4

O’Kelly S, Smith SM, Lane S (2011) Chronic respiratory disease and multimorbidity: Prevalence and impact in a general practice setting. Respir Med, 105, 2, 236-242
• the majority of patients with chronic respiratory disease have multimorbidity.

Raghu G (2006) High prevalence of abnormal acid gastro-oesophageal reflux in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J, 27, 136-142
erj.ersjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/27/1/136

Rolfe C et al (2003) Unexpected nocturnal hypoxia in patients with acute stroke. Stroke, 34, 2641-5

Schoenheit G, Ian Becattelli I, Cohen AH (2011) Living with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chron Respir Dis, 8, 225-31
crd.sagepub.com/content/8/4/225.abstract?etoc
• patients commonly experience protracted delays in receiving an accurate diagnosis

Shia J-H, Liub H-R, Xu W-B (2009) Pulmonary manifestations of Sjögren’s Syndrome. Respiration, 78, 4, 377-86
content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?doi=10.1159/000214841

Soto-Martinez (2010) What goes around, comes around: childhood influences on later lung health? Relationship between environmental exposures in children and adult lung disease. Chr Respir Dis, 7, 173-86
• lung’s vulnerability to the environment can lead to lifelong consequences if adverse conditions occur during foetal and early childhood life

Terzi N (2007) Breathing–swallowing interaction in neuromuscular patients: a physiological evaluation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 175, 269-76.
ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/175/3/269
• 44% of Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients suffer malnutrition, but for ventilated and tracheostomised patients, swallowing improves in patients who can breathe spontaneously

Thompson GR, Patterson TF (2011) Pulmonary aspergillosis: recent advances. Semin Respir Crit Care Med, 32, 6, 673-681. DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1295715

Turcios NL (2012) Pulmonary complications of renal disorders. Paed Respir Rev, 13, 1, 44-49

Tzeng AC, Bach JR (2000) Prevention of pulmonary morbidity for patients with neuromuscular disease. Chest, 118, 1390-6

Wakai A (2008) Spontaneous pneumothorax. Clin Evid, 1505
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2907964/?tool=pubmed
• smoking increases the likelihood of pneumothorax 22-fold in men and 8-fold in women

Watts CR, Vanryckeghem M (2001) Laryngeal dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. BMC Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders, 1, 1
• bulbar forms of ALS, voice and/or swallowing difficulties are often the initial signs





6MD = six-minute distance
BTS = British Thoracic Society
ILD = interstitial lung disease
NICE = National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
P(A-a)O2 = alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure difference
PR = pulmonary rehabilitation
RR = respiratory rate
SOB = shortness of breath
VA/Q = ventilation/perfusion