Deitch K (2010) Does End Tidal CO2 monitoring during emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia with propofol decrease the incidence of hypoxic events? A randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med, 55, 3, 258-264
* monitoring of ETCO2 during sedation reduces hypoxic episodes.Mr Site


Denault A (2007) A proposed algorithm for the intraoperative use of cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 11: 274-281.
scv.sagepub.com
* noninvasive continuous monitoring of the balance between cerebral oxygen delivery and consumption


Haitsma IK (2002) Advanced monitoring in the ICU: brain tissue oxygen tension. Curr Opin Crit Care, 8, 115-20


Karen KG, Higgins TL (2005) New-generation pulse oximetry in the care of critically ill patients. Am J Crit Care,14, 26-37


Magder S (2007) The clinical role of Central Venous Pressure measurements. J Int Care Med, 22, 1, 44-51
jic.sagepub.com
* the interpretation of CVP needs to be considered with assessment of cardiac output,
CVP >10 mmHg should be considered high, and the probability of increased cardiac output with volume infusion is low


Perner A, Haase N, Wiis J (2010) Central venous oxygen saturation for the diagnosis of low cardiac output in septic shock patients. Acta Anaesth Scand, 54, 1, 98-102
www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/122591136/HTMLSTART
• central venous oxygen saturation, measured via central line in superior vena cava, could be a surrogate marker of cardiac output; when this is < 64%, cardiac index is likely to be < 2.5 l/min/m2


Rabitsch W (2004) Evaluation of an end-tidal portable ETCO2 colorimetric breath indicator. Am J Emerg Med, 22, 4-9
* breath indicator between the airway and ventilator tubing, which changes colour according to ETCO2


Van de Louw A et al (2001) Accuracy of pulse oximetry in the ICU. Int Care Med, 27, 1606-13
* SpO2 above 94% is necessary to ensure SaO2 of 90%Deitch K (2010) Does End Tidal CO2 monitoring during emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia with propofol decrease the incidence of hypoxic events? A randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med, 55, 3, 258-264
• monitoring of ETCO2 during sedation reduces hypoxic episodes.