INTENSIVE CARE SOCIETY GUIDELINES (2008)
www.ics.ac.uk/intensive_care_professional/standards_and_guidelines/care_of_the_adult_patient_with_a_temporary_tracheostomy_2008


Barnes L (2009) Metastases to the head and neck. Head and Neck Pathology, 3, 3, 217-24
springerlink.com/content/y070778420n37843/fulltext.html
• overview of locations, characteristics and prognosis

Burns SM, Spillman M, Wilmoth D (1998) Are frequent inner cannula changes necessary? Heart Lung, 27, 58-62
www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/ymhl/article/PIIS014795639890070X/abstract
• inner cannula should be removed and cleaned as often as necessary to avoid obstruction, but not when unnecessary as this may increase infection

Christopher KL (2005) Tracheostomy decannulation. Respir Care, 50, 358-41

Conlan AA (2000) Tracheostomy in the ICU. J Int Care Med, 15, 1-13

Cowan T (2001) Effect of inner cannula removal on the work of breathing imposed by tracheostomy tubes. Respir Care, 46, 460-5
www.rcjournal.com/contents/05.01/05.01.0460.asp
• inner cannula increases work of breathing

Docherty B, Bench S (2002) Tracheostomy management for patients in general ward settings. Prof Nurse, 18, 2, 100-105
• basic guide

Durbin CG (2005) Early complications of tracheostomy. Respir Care, 50, 4, 511-15
www.rcjournal.com/contents/04.05/04.05.0511.pdf
• discussion and literature review

Eliachar I (2000) Unaided speech in long-term tube-free tracheostomy. Laryngoscope, 110, 749-60
www.laryngoscope.com/pt/re/laryngoscope/abstract.00005537-200005000-00005.htm;jsessionid=C2z1pKBT2pBb2RPBhbDJeYagHoDYMRTu1UoUlCY2aUcAkesqwxnz!250931426!-949856145!9001!-1?index=1&database=ppvovft&results=1&count=10&searchid=1&nav=search
• new surgical techniques can produce effective cough and near-normal generation of unaided speech.

Epstein SK (2005) Late complications of tracheostomy. Respir Care, 50, 542-9

Griffiths J, Barber VS, Morgan L, Young JD (2005) Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of the timing of tracheostomy in adult patients undergoing artificial ventilation. BMJ. 330,1243
bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/330/7502/1243?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&author1=Griffiths+J&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1124648767355_6059&stored_search=&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&volume=330&firstpage=1243&resourcetype=1
• patients on prolonged mechanical ventilation require a tracheostomy at an earlier stage than currently practised – this may shorten the duration of IPPV and length of stay

Griffiths J, Barber VS, Morgan L, Young JD (2005) Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of the timing of tracheostomy in adult patients undergoing artificial ventilation. Br Med J, 330,1243
bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/330/7502/1243?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&author1=Griffiths+J&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1124648767355_6059&stored_search=&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&volume=330&firstpage=1243&resourcetype=1
• patients on prolonged mechanical ventilation require a tracheostomy at an earlier stage than currently practiced; this may shorten the duration of IPPV and length of stay

Heffner JE (1999) Tracheotomy: indications and timing. Respir Care, 44, 807-15
www.rcjournal.com/contents/07.99/07.99.0807.asp

Hess DR (2005) Facilitating speech in the patient with a tracheostomy. Respir Care, 50, 519-25

Higgins DM (1997) Dysphagia in the patient with a tracheostomy: six cases of inappropriate cuff deflation or removal. Heart Lung, 26, 215-20
www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/ymhl/article/PIIS0147956397900583/abstract

Jaeger JM (2002) The role of tracheostomy in weaning from mechanical ventilation. Respir Care, 47, 469-80
www.rcjournal.com/contents/04.02/04.02.0469.asp
• tracheostomy is recommended within 3 days of intubation
• children sustain greater long-term damage from tracheostomy than adults

McQuellon RP (1997) The psychosocial impact of laryngeal cancer. Otolaryng Clin N Am, 30, 231-41
• social withdrawal, depression, difficulty with close relationships
• 50% patients may develop psychiatric problems

Monga U, Tan G, Ostermann J (1997) Sexuality in head and neck cancer patients. Arch Phys Med Rehab, 78, 298-304
• head and neck cancer is emotionally traumatic because of disfigurement, impaired natural speech, radiotherapy, difficulty swallowing and breathing

Orringer MK (1999) The effects of tracheostomy tube placement on communication and swallowing. Respir Care, 44, 845-53
www.rcjournal.com/contents/07.99/07.99.0845.asp

Pierson DJ (2005) Tracheostomy and weaning. Respir Care, 50, 526-33

Prichard AJN (1994) Tracheostomy. Care Crit.Ill, 10, 64-9
• tracheostomy reduces dead space and the work of breathing compared to nose breathing, but increases work of breathing compared to mouth breathing

Reibel JF (1999) Decannulation how and where? Respir Care, 44, 856-859
www.rcjournal.com/contents/07.99/07.99.0856.asp
Reibel JF (1999) Tracheotomy/Tracheostomy. Respir Care, 44, 820-3
www.rcjournal.com/contents/07.99/07.99.0820.asp
• overview of locations, characteristics and prognosis
Stelfox HT, Crimi C, Berra L (2008) Determinants of tracheostomy decannulation: an international survey. Crit Care, 12, R26
ccforum.com/content/12/1/R26/abstract
• determinants of decannulation are level of consciousness, cough effectiveness, secretions, and oxygenation
Vitacca M, Paneroni L, Bianchi E et al (2006) Maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure measurement in tracheotomised patients. Eur Respir J, 27, 343–9
erj.ersjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/27/2/343?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&author1=Vitacca&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=HWCIT

Terris DJ (2000) Head and neck cancer: the importance of oxygen. Laryngoscope, 110, 697-707
www.laryngoscope.com/pt/re/laryngoscope/abstract.00005537-200005000-00001.htm;jsessionid=DICKIxVHbtp6lcrKyWFzf53mnLdSzRHkI2yf6Q5h2cwL59ELI1Ef!1556005714!-949856145!9001!-1?index=1&database=ppvovft&results=1&count=10&searchid=2&nav=search

Vitacca M, Paneroni L, Bianchi E et al (2006) Maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure measurement in tracheotomised patients. Eur Respir J, 27, 343–9
erj.ersjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/27/2/343?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&author1=Vitacca&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=HWCIT

Wright SE, VanDahm K (2003) Long-term care of the tracheostomy patient. Clin Chest Med, 24, 473-87